Angiosperms

- Angiosperms are flowering plants that bear their seeds within a layer of protective tissue - These plants first appeared during the Cretaceous period, about 135 million years ago - Angiosperms consist of 235,000 species, over 90% of all living species of plants - Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, and all cultivated species of flowers  ** Seed Plants ** - Flowers are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperms where embryos develop - The male gametophyte is contained in tiny structures called pollen grains - Pollen grains are carried to the female reproductive structures by wind, insects, or small animals - Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure - A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply - A seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo, keeping the contents of the seed from drying out - Angiosperm means “enclosed seed” - Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs called flowers - Flowers are an evolutionary advantage to plants because they attract insects and other animals that pollinate them - Flowers contain ovaries which surround and protect the seeds - After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, a wall of tissue surrounding the seed, which protects it and aids in its dispersal <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Monocots have one seed leaf; dicots have two seed leaves <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- A seed leaf, or cotyledon, is the first leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Monocots include corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, and palms <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Dicots include roses clover, tomatoes, oaks, and daisies <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- woody plants are made primarily by cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- woody plants include trees, shrubs, and veins <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- herbaceous plants have smooth stems and don’t produce wood as they grow <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- herbaceous plants include dandelions, zinnias, petunias, and sunflowers <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;"> - flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing season are called annuals <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Annuals include marigolds, petunias, pansies, and zinnias <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Angiosperms that complete their life cycle in two years are called biennials <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Primrose, parsley, celery, and foxglove are biennials <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Flowering plants that live for more than two years are called perennials <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Palm trees, sagebrush, maple trees, and honeysuckle are perennials Structure of Flowers ** <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four kinds of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Sepals are green and closely resemble ordinary leaves <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Sepals enclose the bud before it opens and protect the flower during development <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Petals are often brightly colored, which attracts insect and other pollinators <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- The male parts of the plant consist of an anther and a filament, which together make up the stamen <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- The filament is a long, thin stalk that supports the anther, an oval sac where meiosis takes place <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- The anther is the site of the production of male gametophytes, pollen grains <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Carpels produce the female gametophytes <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- Each carpel has an ovary, which contains one or more ovules, a style, and a stigma <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- The style is the long stalk that supports the stigma, the tip of the style where pollen grains frequently land <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Times New Roman; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;">- A typical flower produces both male and female gametophytes
 * Overview **
 * Flowering Plants **
 * Monocots v. Dicots **
 * Woody v. Herbaceous Plants **
 * Plant Life Spans **